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viasalis Themenweg Wandern Salzkammergut Bad Ischl Salzberg via salis experience history Via Salis ways of salt Via Salis ways of salt Bad Ischl and the salt IGM Interest group Mitterbergstollen Salt has been mined in Bad Ischl since 1563. Historical tunnel entrances, the mountain church, miners' houses, the former Schaffersag and other localities can on Via Salis be visited.... Die ehemalige Bergsäge am Pernecker Salzberg bei Bad Ischl ist ein montanhistorisches Denkmal ersten Ranges The blessing of the coveted mineral salt lay over the entire Salzkammergut. Hence the name, which is made up of the words Kammergut and Salz... Between 2013 and 2018, the "Interessengemeinschaft Mitterbergstollen" ( IGM ) restored a total of 12 tunnel portals at considerable expense... Continue reading Weiterlesen » Continue reading Continue reading NEWS Project: Saving the historic saw at the Maria Theresia tunnel No posts published in this language yet Once posts are published, you’ll see them here.

Historische Bergsäge beim Maria Theresia Stollen Erhaltungsverein Bergsäge Maria Theresia Stollen Die ehemalige Bergsäge am Pernecker Salzberg bei Bad Ischl ist ein montanhistorisches Denkmal ersten Ranges: • Sie ist das letzte vollständig erhaltene Relikt des Pernecker Salzbergs. • Sie wurde als erste Säge der k:k: Monarchie mit einem Riemenantrieb ausgestattet, der bis heute vollständig erhalten ist. • Sie ist die letzte aus dieser Zeit stammende Säge im inneren Salzkammergut. Zum Erhalt dieser Säge wurde im März 2025 der gemeinnützige „Erhaltungsverein Bergsäge Maria Theresia Stollen“ gegründet. Ziel der Mitglieder und Unterstützer dieses Vereines ist es, dieses einzigartige Objekt zu sanieren und im Zuge von Führungen auf den Pernecker „Via Salis Themenwegen“ der interessierten Öffentlichkeit zugänglich zu machen. Gemeinsam können wir die traditionsreiche Bergsäge wieder in Schwung bringen, wir freuen uns auf Ihre Anfragen! Der „Erhaltungsverein Bergsäge Maria Theresia Stollen“ Hans Kranabitl: Tel. +43664 73118978, Mail kranabitl@aon.at Horst Feichtinger: Tel. +43677 61168967, Mail horst.feichtinger@gmx.at Vereinskonto: Sparkasse Bad Ischl AT14 2031 4055 0006 0693 Via Salis ways of salt Weiterlesen » Via Salis ways of salt Weiterlesen » Via Salis ways of salt Weiterlesen » No posts published in this language yet Once posts are published, you’ll see them here.

The mountain saw at the old Maria Theresia Berghaus on the Ischler Salzberg: A saw was of great importance for every salt mine operation, since the mine operation required large quantities of "Ladwerk" (thick boards) for the expansion and the brine production. Therefore there was at least one, but usually several saws at each salt mine, which is why they were also among the oldest systems of the respective salt mine. Three saws are known on the Salzberg in Ischl: as the oldest, the Steinberg saw with the "Schafferklause", the Grabenbach - or Graben - saw built near the Ludovika tunnel and a third, from 1867, at the old Maria Theresia Berghaus. The following report will mainly deal with the latter saw, also known as the mountain saw, since the other saws and the associated Klaus systems were already dealt with in detail in the 2012 article by Franz Federspiel "News from the old Ischler Salzberg". Situation of the mountain saws on the Ischler Salzberg in the 18th century: Originally there were two plank saws on the Ischler Salzberg, the one on the Steinberg and the Graben saw below the Ludovika tunnel. The Steinberg saw was probably built immediately after 1563 with the start of salt mining in the Steinberg district. According to a note in Dicklberger's "Salinen - Geschichte" (volume 1, p. 388), the Steinberg saw existed before 1586. Figure 1: Steinberg - saw, conversion plan, 1842, archive Salinen Austria Figure 2: Steinberg - saw, ground plan, conversion plan, around 1845, archive Salinen Austria Due to the concentration of salt mining on the Pernecker salt storage and the associated deepening of the mining tunnels, the ditch - saw at the Ludovika - Berghaus was built. The exact date of construction of this saw, which was probably built around 1700, could not be found in the files. The first known documentary reference from September 25, 1769 provides information that the ditch saw and the associated hermitage were rebuilt after a fire at the estimated cost of 292 fl 52 kr. In the course of the conversion, a new storage hut was built along the entire length of the hermitage to store the saw cuts. The Graben - saw along with the associated hermitage had completely decayed again in 1816 and was rebuilt in the three following years. In 1839 the woodwork of the hermitage was rotten again, and the water wheel and the river also needed replacing. Figure 3: Ludovika Berghaus, site plan with ditch – saw, 1839, Archiv Salinen Austria Because of the high repair costs to be expected, in 1839 the Ischl mining operations manager at the time, Franz v. Schwind to leave the Graben saw at all and instead expand the Steinberg saw to make it more efficient. When converting the Steinberg saw, Schwind succeeded in increasing sawn timber production fourfold compared to the previous ones by using an overshot water wheel and a belt transmission in the gearbox, the first saw drive of this type in the monarchy. As a result, the sawn timber requirement of the entire Ischler Salzberg could be satisfied by the sole operation of the Steinberg saw. Figure 4: Steinberg - saw, design of an overshot water wheel, 1840, archive Salinen Austria The operation of the ditch saw should only have continued on a smaller scale, since the cost of bringing the cut goods from the Steinberg saw to the Pernecker tunnels via a specially created goods route was very expensive. For this purpose, Schwind replaced the desolate Grabenbach hermitage with a wooden weir in 1839. After the Graben saw burned down again in 1856, it was finally abandoned. Figure 5: Trench - saw with Ludovika Berghaus, 1838, Archiv Salinen Austria Figure 6: Connecting route Steinberg - saw to Graben - saw, 1838, Archiv Salinen Austria Figure 7: Ludovika Berghaus, site plan after digging – sawing, 1859, Archiv Salinen Austria Transfer of the Steinberg saw to the old Maria Theresia Berghaus: After the new Steinberg tunnel was shut down as the last tunnel in the Steinberg district in 1775, the Steinberg saw only produced for the Pernecker tunnel, which was much further down in the valley. After the final closure of the Grabenbach saw in 1856, the entire sawn timber requirement had to be laboriously transported from the Steinberg saw down into the valley. For this reason, the plan was made around 1865 to move the Steinberg saw closer to the Pernecker tunnels. Various installation sites were tested: at the Grabenbach at the confluence of the Gaisbach opposite the Josef tunnel and directly at the Sulzbach or, connected to the Sulzbach via a river, at the old Maria Theresia Berghaus. Figure 8: Project transfer Steinberg - saw to the Josef tunnel, around 1865, archive Salinen Austria In view of the focus of the advance in the Empress Maria Theresia tunnel and the short transport routes, the decision was made to transfer the saw to the old Maria Theresia Berghaus. The transfer of the Steinberg saw to the new location took place in 1867. By using the old saw drive and parts of the old saw building, the costs were kept low at a total of 669 fl 81½ kr. Figure 9: Transfer Steinberg - saw to the old Maria Theresia Berghaus, 1865, Archiv Salinen Austria Figure 10: Transfer Steinberg - saw to the old Maria Theresia Berghaus, 1865, Archiv Salinen Austria Figure 11: Transfer Steinberg - saw to the old Maria Theresia Berghaus, 1866, Archiv Salinen Austria Description of the gear mechanism of the plank saw: With the report prepared by Franz Kreuzhuber, manipulation pupil Ite class, on March 14, 1868, there is a precise, contemporary description of the historical saw drive: "Where there is great hydroelectric power, undershot water wheels of 2 to 3 feet in diameter and 5 to 6 feet wide are usually used to operate the board saws. Here an overshot water wheel with a diameter of 12 feet and transmission is put into operation. A cog wheel of 6 feet diameter fastened to the base of the water wheel sets a driving wheel and with it a pulley of 6 feet diameter, - this by means of belts a second pulley of 1 ½ feet diameter, with it a wooden flywheel of 6 feet diameter and at the same time an iron winch in motion, whose arm carries a rod connected to the sag container /: Saggatern :/ in its circumference, which pushes the same up and down in a vertical guide. The Saggatern is assembled from 4 pieces of wood in the form of a door frame, to the short pieces of which the Sagblatt is screwed. Since the saw always makes its movement in the same place, a device is necessary for advancing the object to be cut in proportion to the power of the saw. This device /: Sagwagen :/ is a twenty-seven foot long frame movable on a horizontal slide and fitted with small rollers for ease of movement. To move it forward, the sagger carries a 7-foot-long horizontal rod on the lower crossbar, the end of which is fastened in a shaft Rings with indentations /: Thrust ring :/ gives an impact to the surrounding wheel of 3 ½ feet in diameter and as a result rotates the same slowly. During the retraction of the former, a second bar holds the thrust ring against slippage. The wheel, which is attached to the iron base of the thrust ring and is similar to the drive wheel, pushes the sag wagon through the combs attached to it along the entire length according to the power of the saw. A second overshot water wheel, 6 feet in diameter, is used to move the sag wagon backwards to its previous position, the shaft of which winds around a rope which runs over a small pulley attached to the end of the track and is attached to the sag wagon. As the sag wagon moves forward, it unwinds the rope from the shaft again.” In the following plan, the original work of the Steinberg saw is shown as it is described in the report by Franz Kreuzhuber in 1868 during the transfer. Only the second, smaller water wheel for moving the sag wagon backwards was added at the new location at the old Maria Theresia Berghaus. Figure 12: Gear mechanism of the Steinberg saw, 1857, archive Salinen Austria Saw - Fluder: After the transfer, the service water for the saw was no longer fed through a hermitage, but through a small cushion in the Sulzbach. The "Schmiedenfluder" from the Sulzbach, which has existed since about 1825, could be used for this purpose. This river had to be built for the operation of the mountain forge, since from 1825 larger amounts of water were diverted from the Grabenbach via the water scour into the Elisabeth tunnel in order to be able to provide the service water required for the Laistauss flooding in the Maria Theresia tunnel. The amount of residual water in the Grabenbach was often too low for the operation of the forge at the Maria Theresia tunnel. The river was designed as an open wooden channel made from cut posts, 72 m long and 0.6 m wide. As early as 1881, the river, which had been renewed in 1867, had to be removed due to damage and a new river channel including water catch and wheel hut had to be installed at a cost of 719 fl 81 kr. to be erected. Further repairs of this kind on the fluder were necessary in 1891, 1905 and 1933. Figure 13: Saw - fluder, 1904, archive Salinen Austria Performance of the two saw - water wheels: The overshot water wheel for driving the gang saw had a diameter of 3.7 m and a width of 1.0 m, depending on the water pressure, an output of 4 - 5 hp; the also overshot water wheel ("mold wheel") for reversing the saw carriage with 1.7 m diameter and 0.75 m width 1 - 2 HP. Figure 14: Saw - water wheels, 1866, Archiv Salinen Austria Figure 15: Mountain saw with old Maria Theresia mountain house, around 1930, Kranabitl archive Figure 16: Mountain saw at the old Maria Theresia Berghaus (upper left edge of the picture), around 1930, Archiv Salinen Austria Modification of the mountain saw's gearbox: In 1879, a circular saw was installed in the firewood store next to the mountain saw to cut the firewood better. This circular saw could be operated directly from the saw by means of a transmission transmission. In 1893 the gearbox of the mountain saw had to be repaired because it was defective. The complex maintenance of the saw fluder and the water wheels as well as the low performance of the mountain saw caused the management to convert this saw to electric operation in 1950. For this purpose, a stationary electric motor with 750 rpm was installed. From the 325mm diameter drive wheel of the electric motor, a belt led to a 1550mm diameter pulley on the main shaft. A second belt drive was placed on the main shaft on the stream side, which connected a belt wheel with a diameter of 900 mm on the main shaft to a belt wheel with a diameter of 730 mm on the water wheel shaft to move the saw gate. Another belt drive on the uphill side enabled the forward and backward movement of the saw carriage by means of a chain. Figure 17: Conversion of the plank saw to electric operation, 1951, Archiv Salinen Austria In the course of the electrification of the saw drive, a side saw was also installed. For this purpose, the sawing building had to be structurally extended. Figure 18: Installation of the board saw, project 1949, archive Salinen Austria Figure 19: Erection of the Ladwerkstadel, 1951, archive Salinen Austria Closure of the sawmill: The mountain saw at the old Maria Theresia Berghaus remained in operation until the mid-1980s. Since the migration of the mining industry from Perneck to the new site at the Kaiser Franz Josef Erbstollen in Lauffen in 1989, the saw building has been empty. Figure 20: Last shift arrival from Perneck, June 29, 1989, archive Salinen Austria Figure 21: Mountain saw after the cessation of operations, 1991, Kranabitl archive Figure 22: Old Maria Theresia Berghaus with a mule saw in the background, 1991, Kranabitl archive Mountain saw revitalization: In the summer of 2020, the Mitterbergstollen interest group (IGM) set itself the goal of preserving and opening up the mountain saw as part of guided tours along the Viasalis circular route. The historic sawmill is well-preserved and, as a unique technical monument that is otherwise rarely found in the Salzkammergut, is particularly worthy of protection. The main elements of the saw gear, which dates back to 1847 and is made of wooden gears, have been preserved to this day. In 2021, with the support of Salinen Immobilien AG, IGM would like to secure the building fabric, set up a showroom in the area of the former sawmill and have the technical history of the saw documented as part of diploma theses. Figure 23: Mountain saw, 2018, Kranabitl archive Figure 24: Saw carriage and saw frame, 2020, Kranabitl archive Figure 25: Saw gear, Kammrad, 2020, Kranabitl archive Figure 26: Saw gear, comb wheel with drive wheel and 1st belt pulley, 2020, Kranabitl archive Sources used: Franz Federspiel "News from the old Ischler Salzberg"; in: Messages from the Ischler Heimatverein, Episode 31, 2012, p. 18-25 Carl Schraml "The Upper Austrian Salt Works from 1818 to the end of the Salt Office in 1850", Vienna 1936 Michael Kefer "Hand Karten des Ischler Salzberges", 1829, transcription by Thomas Nussbaumer, Archiv Salinen Austria Josef Hütter "The Ischler Salzberg in words and pictures", manuscript, Bad Ischl 1938, Archiv Salinen Austria Franz Kreuzhuber "Relationship on the gear mechanism of the plank saw at the kk Salzberge Ischl", manuscript, Ischl 1868, transcription by Thomas Nussbaumer, Archiv Salinen Austria Ischler stock book no. 13 "Saw building" and no. 48 "Fluder for the saw", archive Salinen Austria Anton Dicklberger "Systematic history of the salt pans of Upper Austria", I. Volume, Ischl 1817, transcription Thomas Nussbaumer Plans from the Bad Ischl Salt Mine Plan Archives, Salinen Austria

Werde Mitglied beim Erhaltungsverein Bergsäge Werde Mitglied beim Erhaltungsverein Bergsäge Online-Anmeldung zum Erhaltungsverein Bergsäge Maria Theresia Stollen Name* Titel Beruf oder ehem. Beruf Anschrift* Postleitzahl* Ort* Land* Geburtsdatum Day Month Year Telefonnummer E-Mail-Adresse* Auswahl Mitglied: Mitglied* ordentliches Mitglied Jahresbeitrag 20 € Förderer Jahresbeitrag 100 € Juristische Personen/Firmen Jahresbeitrag 250 € Alle Angaben werden vertraulich behandelt und nur vereinsintern für die Mitgliederverwaltung verwendet. * Beitrittserklärung einreichen Vereinsvorstand: Obmann Johann Kranabitl Obmann Stellvertreter Horst Feichtinger Kassier Rudolf Kranabitl Kassier Stellvertreter Johannes Putz Schriftführung Maria Sams Schriftführung Stellvertreter Cordula Scherngell Details zum Verein: Anschrift: Erhaltungsverein Bergsäge Maria Theresia Stollen Staufenweg 67 5400 Hallein Tel.: +43 664 73118978 E-Mail: kranabitl@aon.at ZVR - Zahl: 1769469137 Bankverbindung: Sparkasse Bad Ischl IBAN: AT14 2031 4055 0006 0693 Statuten des Verein

Mountain houses near Empress Maria Theresia – tunnels After the attack on the Empress Maria Theresia Stollen, which was called Kaiser Franz Stollen until 1808, with great solemnity on September 26, 1775, the kk Ministerial - Banko - Hof - Deputation approved the construction of a mountain house on Steinbalfen with a resolution of February 25, 1782 , the later so-called "Old Mountain House". The building, which was built in 1783, originally contained one large and two small servants' rooms and a kitchen on the ground floor, on the first floor two master rooms, a kitchen and a room with a chamber for one spectator. The construction costs were 2,693 fl 30 kr. (in 2020 approx. €53,900 monetary value according to the “Historical Currency Calculator”, www.eurologische.at ). The core substance of the Old Theresia Berghaus took up a floor plan area of 15.2 x 9.8 m, reached an eaves height of 6.9 m and a ridge height of 10.7 m. The double roof truss was covered with larch boards and in the eaves area with sheet metal strips . The living conditions can be illustrated by the fact that 24 servants slept on the ground floor on 44.5 m², while the viewer alone had a 18.5 m² bedroom at his disposal. As early as 1784, the mountain forge was built as the second mountain building directly at the mouth of the Maria Theresia tunnel.

Pressestimmen zur Bergsäge Pressestimmen zur Bergsäge beim Maria Theresia Stollen

The wood requirement for salt production using the example of the Saline lschl (1571-1965) Günther Hattinger Austrian forest newspaper 12/1988: The following post will be about the importance of the forest and timber industry for the salt extraction in the Salzkammergut, in particular for the Saline Bad Ischl, at the end of the 19th century and quantitative information is also given on wood consumption. The burning of wood as an energy source for the production of salt in Austria and the resulting overuse of the forest and wood industry has been part of the technical and economic history for more than 100 years. The development of salt mining in lschl (opened in 1563), but especially that of the saltworks in lschl (1571-1965), is closely related to the forests of today's Strobl forest administration. Large need for wood The forests in Upper Austria's Rettenbach and Mitterweissenbachtal were enough for the cover of Do not delete the need of the salt-weather out of. Originally, contracts with the Archdiocese of Salzburg also had to fall back on the "Salzburger Waldungen". It was not only necessary to cover the wood requirements for the operation of the saltworks (the panhouse), but also for mining, the production of salt packaging (Küfel .- and Fassel production), the transport of salt on the waterways (shipbuilding), for the buildings of the hermitage and drift system and the various allowance claims. The order of magnitude in 1720 With a production of around 30,000 t of salt in the entire Upper Austrian Salzkammergut (Saline Ebensee, lschl and Hallstatt) for salt production 160,000 rm, for runner production and the reed construction 53,000 rm and for defense construction, brewing and deputate 60,000 rm, a total of 273,000 cubic meters of wood was used. In the 17th century, the need for firewood for the Saline in lschl to produce salt was between 21,000 rm and 24,000 rm with an annual production of 5400 t to 6300 t of salt. In the 18th century this should be due to the production figures of the saltworks partly even exceeded 25,000 rm every year. The specific wood consumption in rm wood/t salt could only be reduced by almost 10% during these two centuries. Due to the increased salt production during this period, this did not have a relieving effect on the forest manager. During this period, the technology of salt production in round pans (old Austrian pan) with flat grates for firing was subject to little change, despite increasing attempts at improvement, especially in the 18th century. Spruce and fir wood in demand For firing, a large flame was required that gave off sudden heat Spruce and fir wood. The wood was on 6 1/2 shoes cut to length beech wood was only for firing the dry houses (Ppiesel) for the used to dry the salt fodder. In later times, up to a quarter of beech wood was allowed to be added to the wood for firing the pans, the "Hallwid". Lack of wood led to rationalization The looming shortage of wood led to rationalization measures. In the first half of the 19th century, the introduction of the "Tyrolean pan" (1823) and the construction of the Kolowrat brewhouse (1834) with a double pan and finally the introduction of the pull grate in the furnaces instead of the flat grate a significant reduction in wood consumption. Increasing salt production compensates for a reduction in wood consumption/t of salt During this period, the specific wood requirement fell by 35% from around 3.4 rm/t salt to around 2.2 rm/t salt. Around the middle of the 19th century, salt production at the Saline Ischl was 14,000 t/year. But even this notable reduction in specific wood consumption in the salt works could only compensate for the additional demand for salt production, but did not bring any relief to forestry. Coal firing brings relaxation to the forest This only happened with the introduction of coal firing in the Saline lschl in the years 1881-1886. The prerequisite for this was the construction of the railway line Stainach-Irdning-Attnang-Puchheim, the "Kronprinz-Rudolf-Bahn" in 1877, which transported coal from the Hausruck-Revier made possible. With the introduction of coal firing, gas firing with generator gas was also tried, as was the gasification of wood. The gas firing, which is more economical in itself in terms of heat technology, was not able to prevail over coal firing with stepped grates and later with movable grates. Pure coal firing for the production of pan salt remained in the Saline Ischl until production was finally stopped in 1965. Use of thermocompression In 1979, a new saltworks with a current production capacity of 440,000 tons of salt per year was put into operation in Ebensee. This saline, which works as a thermocompression plant with evaporators, covers more than 90% of Austria's salt production, in addition to the Hallein saline, which works according to the same principle. Salinen AG. With this technology, electrical energy is mainly used to drive the thermocompression system, which works as an open heat pump, and only a small proportion of caloric energy in the form of heavy fuel oil. Due to the high yield of thermocompression systems, the total energy consumption is only 0.9 GJ/1 salt (gigajoule/t salt). This energy expenditure is in the range of 5 to 10% the expense of open pans fired with coal or earlier with wood. It clearly shows the success of technological development over the past 100 years and especially in the last few decades. Wood shaped culture before the 19th century The German economist Werner SOMBART made the following statement in his 1919 work "Der Moderne Capitalism", which is largely valid for our region: "All European culture - the intellectual no less than the material one - emerged from the forest. The wood took hold all areas of cultural existence, was the prerequisite for the flowering of old branches of economic life and formed the general substance of all things to such an extent that culture before the 19th century had a decidedly wooden character.” Sources used: Günther Hattinger Austrian forest newspaper 12/1988 Use of the Salzburg forests at the Abersee by the Saline Ischl JOHANN OSTERMANN Austrian forest newspaper 12/1988 The political developments in the first years of the reign of FERDINAND I (1521 to 1560) resulted in an enormous boom in the salt trade and the associated salt production. How did that happen? In the Battle of Mohacs in 1526 the last Jagiellonian LUDWIG II, King of Bohemia and Hungary, fell in battle against the Turks. As he left no descendants, Bohemia and Hungary fell to his brother-in-law Ferdinand, who was married to Anne of Bohemia. This allowed the Austrian salt trade to be extended to the Kingdom of Bohemia. Due to the increased salt production, the salt pans were enlarged and their number increased. In search of new salt stores they found what they were looking for in lschl and on July 25, 1563 the Mitterberg tunnel was opened. The main problem of all salt pans was always having enough wood for the brewing pans. So one tried either to bring enough wood to the saltworks or, as in later years, to lead the salt to the wood through brine pipes, as was the case with the construction of the Ebensee saltworks. Although the salt mine and the lschl saltworks, put into operation in 1571, were in a very densely wooded area, it was necessary to look out for wood reserves in good time and also to take care to protect our own forests. Long before wood was delivered from the archbishop's forests at Abersee for the salt works in lschl, the lschl salt manufacturers, who were middle-class entrepreneurs, obtained Kufhoz and ship wood from the forests of the Mondsee monastery, from an area between Königsberg and lschl. The supply of wood to the salt flats is secured When the Austrian Obersalzamt in Gmunden approached Salzburg to secure wood consumption in lschl by using the Abersee forests, both sides were helped. After all, the Salzburg smelting works such as the Saline Hallein or the iron works in Rupertiwinkel were too far away to ensure economic use. In 1579, a treaty was signed between Emperor RUDOLF II. (1576-1612) and Prince-Archbishop JOHANN JAKOB VON KUEN-BELASY (1560-1586). At the beginning of the contract, reference was made to the then Emperor MAXIMILIAN II (1564-1576), who already concluded a contract with Salzburg in 1565, which stipulated the use of the Salzburg forests, which are in the area of today's Rußbach forester district of the Gosau forest administration, for the salt works regulated in Hallstatt. salt for wood In the contract of 1579, Salzburg obliges itself, initially from the forests of the Hüttenstein custodial court, the later St. Gilgen court, to the "Ischlerische Salzstätten" "Seven hundred pans Widt" correspond to 32,900 cubic meters of wood to burn in the brewing pans, 1 pan is calculated at 67 cubic meters or 47 cubic meters. The wood is to be taken from the following "Waldorthen": ".... to kindle at the Rinpach, and from there to the Wildten Cammer up from the Gassengraben to the Kürchweg." Then from the other side of the "Rünpach" up to the "Kaltenpach". If the 700 pans are not reached in this area, the felling should be extended to the "Unckhenpach". This corresponds to the area from the Rettenkogel, via the Rinnkogel to the Wilden Kammer, which is bordered by the Weissenbach in the west Salzburg permitted salt to be exported from the Hallein Saline to the Kingdom of Bohemia and to the imperial principalities and imperial cities that were interested in it. Wood use is regulated Only master woodworkers and woodcutters who were subjects of Salzburg were allowed to cut wood. In order to prevent damage to the rest of the forest and to the regeneration, the way in which the felling had to be carried out was precisely prescribed: "Sixthly, the pre-determined Waldörther should be chopped up and processed from underrists to colonels and from hindists to foreman and in a Waldmann manner so that the honeyed wood wax is harmed and left behind." protection for subjects By delivering the "Hall Widts" to the Saline, however, the subjects were not allowed to suffer any disadvantage in their purchase of wood, and the right to graze, the so-called "Pluem visit" not be affected. Bringing and hitting had to be done with "such care, so that the same can be done with the least amount of damage", and if the Salzburg subjects suffered damage from the wood deliveries at their base, "should in your Kay:(happy) May:(estät) Same damage will be increased and removed". The contract stipulated that twenty to thirty pans of wood, i.e. 1340 rm to 2010 rm of wood, were felled in the designated area every year. First Timber Order In 1581 In 1581, two years after the contract on the use of the Abersee forests by the Salzamt in lschl, a "timber regulation" was issued for the Hüttenstein court, which was intended to guarantee a more controlled use of the Salzburg forests in the court. In the introduction to the new timber regulation it is stated that the subjects of Salzburg took wood from the princely forests for their own use, but also for sale as ship or kufholz for lschl, at their own discretion and the forest care was completely neglected, so that "also the wood wax has been noticeably prevented, and therefore there is a great lack of wood". Wood is assigned The new forest ordinance stipulated that the subjects were only allowed to chop the wood that was shown to them on a stick by the chief woodsman or sub-woodsman. Fourteen days before or after Christmas, the chief woodsman, in the presence of the caretaker von Hüttenstein, announced in St. Gilgen how much wood the subjects were allowed to chop and where. The Oberwaldmeister had to give special consideration to the "poor Heusseßigen Unndterthonen, who Ir notturfft Traidt nit rein in on their goods" when awarding woodwork. Rollover will be severely penalized Since the Ischl salt manufacturers often advanced the Aberseer wood suppliers more money than was necessary for the work done, more wood was felled and carelessly, which from now on was subject to severe punishment. The subjects had Kufholz 45 kr. for a pound (pan), Schiffholz for a five (type of ship) and six 12 kr., for a seven 24 kr. and for a pan of firewood 16 kr. floor right to pay. In order to compensate for the different amount of work or income that occurred with the three different types of wood, the allocation had to be changed every year. For the export to lschl, wood for 150 zills and 100 pounds of Kufholz was approved annually. Firewood was not limited. Wood reserves are formed Unmarried servants and farmer's sons were not allowed to run "woodwork" on their own. They were only allowed to be employed as woodcutters with wages by farmers who had a permit be refurbished, but if it was sold to lschl, the stock rights first had to be paid for. So that there were enough wood reserves for Hallein’s own saltworks and because of the game, the chief forest master was instructed to give the Hüttenstein subjects in the high and black forests, “namely the Praitenperg , Wislwald . .. the like in the forests, such as in the Hintersee tall leagues". The first forest house The construction of the "housing" for an "undter Waldmaister" (forester) in Abersee can be seen as a forerunner of today's forest administration in Strobl. He was responsible for forest matters in the courts of Hüttenstein, Wartenfels and Mondsee, as far as they concerned Salzburg interests. Deciduous wood harmful to the Black Forest The wood goods producers and wheelwrights, as well as the blacksmiths of the Hüttenstein and Wartenfels courts, were allowed to take maple, elm and beech from the Black Forest "since such hardwood is harmful to the Black Forest anyway". When Austria set up its own salt deposits in Passau in 1596 In order to deliver salt to Bohemia, the Hüttenstein court was ordered to stop the supply of wood to lschl, whereupon Austria blocked the supply of grain and wine from lschl to Salzburg, but the dispute was resolved in 1600 by Archbishop Wolf Dietrich (1587-1612) and Rudolf II. settled. The farmers made mountain pastures out of the free forest areas, against which Austria unsuccessfully protested. As a result of the founding of alpine pastures no young forest grew up, the felling of wood was continually expanded: 1646 on the Breitenberg, in the Kögl and Eichenbrunn forests, 1695 in the Schreinbach and Zinkenbachtal, 1734 in the Zwerchenberg and Ruprechtsgraben forests, 1770 the forests in the Kammersbach, on the Scharfen, Schnitzhof, Sonntags-Kendl and again at Breitenberg. Finally, it should be noted that the large areas of alpine pasture in today's forest administration in Strobl are not due to the use of the forest by the lschler Saline, but to "impertinent alpine drivers". called. Sources used: JOHANN OSTERMANN Austrian forest newspaper 12/1988

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Arschleder und Ledersprung Brauchtum Ass leather and leather jump The mountain or butt leather, also known as leather for short , is an important item of clothing for miners and is associated with a great deal of symbolism. It is cut out of a piece of black calfskin in a semicircle and sewn to a belt. The belt has a clasp decorated with a mallet and iron. At first glance, the ass leather looks like a leather apron that is a bit too short. Aprons are part of many old craft costumes. Blacksmiths, carpenters, gardeners, cooks and winegrowers wear them. Of course, aprons are also part of the basic equipment of every good housewife. And yet the miner's apron is something very special! It has been the only apron that has been worn backwards for 500 years now. And we miners are even proud of that! The reason for this is that, in the past, miners often had to do their work sitting on the wet rock for hours. The leather was a protection against wet and cold. When entering the miners' ranks, the start-up leather was awarded as a sign of belonging. Every miner had to take good care of this leather, it was a kind of membership confirmation that brought many advantages of the status. If a miner committed dishonorable acts, he was expelled from the Knappschaft. His leather was tied off and he was chased away in disgrace. So to untie someone's ass leather was to declare them forfeited. An ass leather attached to a long pole was considered a sign of rebellion in earlier times. When it was carried forward by a mob of grim-faced miners, it did not bode well for the trades or miners. Everyone shuddered at the sight! Because miners like to adorn themselves, there used to be a separate butt leather with the appropriate fashionable accessories for each class of miners. The higher the rank, the richer and larger the leather. At the head of the miners were the trades as owners and the miners as the highest-ranking officials. The leather of these honorable gentlemen was lined with brightly colored silk and decorated with a wide gold border at the edge. The middle classes, which today would include managers and foremen, had to make do with unlined leather, which was only decorated with a silver cord. All other members of the Knappschaft were left behind in the truest sense of the word. They were only allowed to wear the plain black leather without any ornaments. Higher level miners commonly had at least 3 different butt leathers in their wardrobe: The somewhat more decorative start-up leather, which was awarded at the beginning of the miner's life, the simpler everyday leather for everyday use and, as a highlight, the parade leather equipped with all the fashionable chicanes. It is hardly known that the ass leather was also used as a kind of musical instrument. Mountain musicians in Saxony rolled up the leather and blew firmly into it. The range of tones reportedly ranged from the roar of a deer to the fart of a deserving miner. But now back to a much more serious meaning of leather. The ass leather was part of important legal acts. In the past, mining authorization was granted as part of the so-called inheritance survey. This legal act expired as follows: The mining officials came to the newly found ore vein on horseback in miners' festive costumes. The trades also came in festive costume, but with a carriage. The rest of the hill tribe, the common miners, had to walk to the new mine. Everyone lined up in a circle around the newly found outcrop. Mine officials had to measure the thickness of the vein and use that to determine the survey or rental fee. Up to this point, today's negotiations with an on-site inspection would not have gone much differently. Only the mining captain and the managing director would no longer travel on horseback, but in a befitting petrol carriage. The common mountain people would of course appear on site with much smaller petrol carriages. But earlier, when paying the survey fee, something quite unexpected happened to us: All miners present stood in a circle and the miner placed his ass leather in the middle of the circle. The trades were sentenced to pay the award fee by means of a quick verbal decision. The tradesman immediately had to pay the required amount in the form of coins on the ass leather in the middle. And now comes the unbelievable: The miner took some of the coins and tossed them to the miners present. Then the mining official took a few more handfuls of coins and invited the entire assembly to a measuring meal followed by a feast. Only the money that was left was delivered to the state authorities by the mining authorities. This form of negotiation should be reintroduced as soon as possible. This ensures that everyone involved goes home happy with full pockets and bellies after the legal act has been completed. Unfortunately, there are no such efforts to be found in the current mining or commercial law! In the course of the measurement meal, a kind of decision was also issued. The ass leather, on which the money was previously placed, was cut up by the mining captain. Everyone present immediately received a piece as a sign of participation in the award ceremony. It's that easy to solve our current problems with complicated postal routes, long processing times and high stamp fees. In earlier times, a successful mining company was not characterized by folders full of valid or less valid notices, but by a sack with as many pieces of ass leather as possible. For the miners, it is still a great honor and distinction to be able to jump over such a historical, but also misjudged piece of clothing at the leather jump! The leather jump The leather jump is undoubtedly the celebratory highlight of every Barbara celebration. Perhaps one of you has already seen the butcher's jump at Salzburg's Residenzplatz. After a public pledge to their profession, the newly minted butcher journeymen jump into a water-filled vat. This symbolically washes them clean of the sins of the apprenticeship. They then demonstrate courage and strength by waving the guild flag, which weighs more than 60 kg. Our valued Ledersprung also originates from this tradition of medieval guilds. Its roots probably lie in the Saxon Ore Mountains. The form of the leather jump that is common today came to Austria in 1848 from Schemnitz in the Czech Republic. In the course of the unrest at the time, the German-speaking mining professors and their students had to leave the Bergakademie Schemnitz. At the invitation of Peter Tuner, they were admitted to the mining school in Vordernberg near Leoben. The mining customs they brought with them, such as the leather jump, but also their black mountain smocks, quickly spread to all Austrian mining areas. How does a traditional leather jump work? The leather jump can be roughly divided into 3 sections: Namely in questioning the candidate, in emptying the glass and finally in jumping over the leather. The questioning of name, origin and status is a public declaration of your homeland and profession. The following sayings are usually more original than meant seriously. Emptying the glass is intended to express the new miner's zest for life. Of course, the "Ex" before the jump can be emphatically demanded by the audience. After all, the jump over the leather is the core of the ritual: It symbolizes courageous entry into the new state, which can entail great dangers. The jump means courage. With both feet at the same time, one jumps into the new, freely chosen position, which does not tolerate stumbling, but does require rapid determination and energy. The miners of all social levels see themselves as a community of destiny. This is expressed by the fact that the oldest present miner as well as the highest ranking official hold the leather for the jump. Where are leather jumps still celebrated today in the old mining tradition? In the traditional, active mining operations, of course. After successfully passing the hewer's test, the candidate with the leather jump is officially accepted into the miner's rank. Large leather jumps take place annually at mining universities such as Leoben, Clausthal, Freiberg, Krakow, Miskolc or Laibach. Every young student is invited to the leather jump. After passing the exam and having a merry party, he has the right to wear his mountain smock with pride as a young miner. The leather jump is an important event in student life that we look back on fondly. And therein lies a certain obligation for us miners. In our active professional life, we should also give this joy to young colleagues! Another area in which leather jumps are still actively held is that of miners' and traditional clubs. In these associations, classic miners, representatives of institutions and companies meet with people who are interested in mining for a wide variety of reasons and who openly support mining. In addition to maintaining friendship and sociability, an intensive exchange of experiences and mutual appreciation in club life are considered particularly important. Of course, leather jumps are an important, connecting element! But we must not forget one thing: The leather jump is and remains a mining tradition, namely ours! Under no circumstances must it degenerate into an empty, folkloric event! A home evening with Hansi Hinterseer songs is definitely something else!!!

04 The empress Maria Theresa – tunnel Stud Name: "Upper Emperor Franz - Stollen" until 1808 "Empress Maria Theresa Stollen" from 1808 Empress Maria Theresa, reign 1740 – 1780 Struck: September 26, 1775 Length: 1,590 m Altitude: 680 m In 1772, the Ischler Verwesamt renewed its application for approval of the new mountain surcharge, which had been considered three years ago, "because the upper mountains are gradually coming together and are no longer enjoyable". In order to prove that the salt dome stretched into the depths, from the then deepest tunnel, the Kaiser Josef tunnel, the administrator of Khiebach – excavation sunk. This tunneling showed that the salt dome was at least 30 m deep. The request was quickly granted and on September 26, 1775, in the presence of the then chief salt clerk Josef Barthol Edlen von Riethaler, the new Emperor Franz Stollen, renamed Empress Maria Theresia – Stollen from 1808, was nailed with great festivities. The Maria Theresia tunnel had an original height of 1.95 m and a width of 0.95 m; This resulted in a cross-sectional area of around 1.9 m². Its gradient is 2.4%. The in-situ, hard limestone allowed an average annual advance of just 18 stakes or 21.50 m, this corresponded to a daily drive of only 10 cm. Several counter structures were put into operation for the rapid advance of the main shaft. In 1776 the first counter building was built from the Kaschnitz - Schurf up the mountain and towards the day. In 1777, when driving this counter-structure uphill, a strong inflow of water was encountered, which made further work extremely difficult. The inflowing water had to be lifted up by hand over the Kaschnitz Schurf into the Kaiser Josef tunnel. When in 1778 a strong inflow of water was also started during the day-side drive, this field location had to be covered with more houses in order to make a quick breakthrough with the day-side drive. In 1779, the breakthrough to the opposite location took place and so the tunnel water could immediately flow off to the surface via the new main shaft without any problems. A second counter-building was created from the pizza shovel towards the day, where water was also found. However, this inflow of water did not cause any major problems, because the breakthrough came as early as 1779 with the field location of the drive uphill from Kaschnitz - Schurf. Finally, in 1780, a third counter building was built from Salzoberamtsrath Hintermayr – Schurf towards the day and from Pizza – Schurf towards the mountain. In 1781, from the Hintermayr - Schurf during the day at the counter building -- Feldort, a water inlet was approached, which grew so much that the water had to rise over the Hintermayr - Schurf and be allowed to flow out on the Kaiser Josef - Main Shaft Shaft to the surface. In 1781, the fourth counter-site operation uphill and uphill was put into operation via the newly sunk Preßl – Schurf. The day-time Feldort came through with the uphill drive from the Pizza - Schurf in 1784. For a faster breakthrough with the daytime field site at Hintermayr Schurf, which was in celebration because of the inflow of water, the Preßl - Schurf was pushed uphill intensified. In 1790 the breakthrough finally came and the water built in 1781 at Hintermayr - Schurf could easily flow off to the surface via the new Maria Theresia main shaft. Despite the many problems with water inflow, the 1,335 Stabel (1,591.3m) long main shaft was worked through hard layers of limestone and driven into the salt in 16 years thanks to the four complex counter-site structures. Not far from the Hintermayr quarry, a heavily sulphurous mineral water spring was hit during tunnelling. According to a decision made in 1819 in the Oberamt, the Stampfer and Lichtenfels bends in the Maria Theresia tunnel were to determine the extent of the salt storage. In 1777, Panzenberger, the master saline builder, drew up the plan for the mountain house and a smithy near the Maria Theresia tunnel. The one-storey building was to have quarters for 37 servants and 2 rooms for the overseers. After a somewhat delayed completion of the building in 1778 due to a lack of money, the old mountain houses on the Frauenholz and Elisabeth tunnels were demolished because they were superfluous. The core substance of the Berghaus took up a floor plan area of 15.2 x 9.8 m, reached an eaves height of 6.9 m and a ridge height of 10.7 m. The double roof structure was covered with larch boards and in the eaves area with sheet metal strips. The living conditions can be illustrated by the fact that 24 servants slept on the ground floor on 44.5 m², while the overseer alone had a 18.5 m² bedroom at his disposal. In 1783 the miners' house on the so-called "Steinbalfen" was occupied for the first time. In 1823 a watering room was built at the mouth of the Maria Theresia tunnel in order to be able to leach out the saline debris that had been extracted. In 1847 the Klebersberg - Kehr for the development of the salt storage was in the south-east. In 1841, on the initiative of saltworks director Franz Ritter von Schwind, a conveyor track with a gauge of 606 mm was laid in the Maria Theresia main shaft to promote the work laist that accumulated during factory cleaning. The filled wagons rolled out of the tunnel independently, while the empty wagons could be pushed in by a worker. As a result, the previously practiced Laist flooding with its rather unpleasant side effects could be pushed out of the pit. However, the slope of the main shaft had to be compensated for by a costly floor leveling beforehand for the conveyor track, in order to reduce the rise for the large Hunte traveling inwards. The fathom of iron rail fittings cost 1 fl. 25 kr. For the first attempts, 1 inch wide (2.6 cm), 1/4 inch (65 mm) thick and 6 feet (2 m) long sling rods were used for fitting the wooden poles. The Hunte had wheels with a diameter of 14 inches (36.8 cm) and a capacity of four previous chests. The gauge was 23 Vienna inches (606 mm). With a level gradient, the filled wagons slowly rolled out by themselves, the empty carts could be pushed inwards by one man. Finally, the Ischler Salzberg owes the design of the factory buildings near the Maria Theresia tunnel to the care of the director of the salt works, Schwind. The mountain forge there was close to decay in 1840 and a new building could not be postponed. The extensive conversion of the mountain forge and the mountain house took place in 1843 - 1845 according to plans by the draftsman Drexler. The new mountain house near the Maria Theresia tunnel was built around 1850. The building plan contained apartments for the mountain worker and a supervisor, a consultation and mark separation room, then a parlor and a material room. Situation of the weirs in the Empress Maria Theresia tunnel around 1850: A total of 6 weirs, 3 of which are in operation and 3 in the driveway. Kolloredo - Weir, Rammer - Weir and Koehler - Weir (all in operation); Hocheder - weir and Berghofer - weir (each long and open in the driveway); Suda - weir (long open in driveway). In 1850 the mining authorities approved the sinking of the Werner - Schachtes von Elisabeth – on the Maria Theresia tunnels. The water barrel elevator introduced by the director of the saltworks Schwind to replace the hoisting reel when cleaning the works gained particular importance at the Ischler Salzberg for bringing works laist over the Wiesner - Shaft as an offset into the cavern areas of the upper horizons. In 1847, Schwind improved this type of transport by balancing the weight with an endless rope or chain. The tunnels above the Maria Theresia horizon that were still being mined were closed in 1930, only the Amalia tunnel is kept open for the purpose of draining off the waste water. Extensive geological work on the Ischler Salzberg preceded the main survey scheduled for 1948. As has been customary in salt works for 100 years, the operating plans for the next 5 years were determined on this occasion. The supply of the water required for the irrigation operation and the transport of operating resources to the individual horizons were to be laid in a blind shaft sunk in the stable rock. For this purpose, the Maria Theresia tunnel was traced to a profile suitable for locomotive traffic and cross passages were created from the individual horizons to the planned new shaft. This should make operations easier and cheaper. A very special event was the delivery of the first mine locomotive to the Maria Theresia tunnel. In the winter of 1951/52, demolition work and gunning of this main tunnel began. A Ruhrthal mine locomotive with diesel operation was purchased for the promotion. The type GZ 22 mine locomotive had 22 hp and an operating weight of 5.3 t. At the time of delivery, the Perneck foot was not passable due to the weather and the 5.3 t locomotive had to be unloaded in the floodplain. She was transported with many people, horses and oxen over the Perneck foot to the Maria Theresia tunnel. The Ruhrthal mine locomotive served not only for mine transport but also for many decades to transport visitors to the show mine. It was only replaced in 1982 by a 40 hp Jenbacher DH 40 G diesel locomotive. In July 1954 there was a great flood. Below the Maria Theresia tunnel, a large reservoir had formed as a result of the heap. This had grown excessively due to the expansion of the Maria Theresia main shaft, which was necessary for locomotive operation. During the night of July 8, the entire heap slid into the Sulzbach and was swept away by the flood. As a result, the Pernecker gypsum paint was completely buried with the rock material. The rest filled up the creek bed, so that the Sulzbach burst its banks in Perneck. From 1957 onwards, all the leaching plants in the Pernecker tunnels above the Leopold tunnel and thus also in the Maria Theresia horizon were used and the brine produced in the lower horizons has since been discharged via the Franz Josef Erbstollen. Situation of the weirs in the Empress Maria Theresia tunnel around 1966: A total of 22 weirs, only Wallner - weir in operation, all others pronounced dead. Ott - weir, Wallner - weir, Heger - weir, Prinzinger - weir, Schnabl - weir, Kelb - weir, Hocheder - weir, Klein - weir, Grüner - weir, Suda - weir, Schedl - weir, Schernthaner - and Flechner - weir (blended), Kolloredo - weir, Arbesser - weir, Buschmann - weir, Stampfer - weir, Stapf - weir, Köhler - weir, Posch - weir as well as Rittinger - weir and Berghofer - weir as foreign works. After the tunnel expansion, in the years 1957 to 1960 the central shaft from the Maria Theresia tunnel to the Franz Josef Erbstollen with a height of 203.8 m was sunk by our own staff. The central shaft connects the Pernecker tunnel with the Franz Josef - Erbstollen near Lauffen. As a result, after the end of the leaching operation in the 1st underground mine, which had no connection to the central shaft, the Distler shaft, which was difficult to maintain, could be abandoned from around 1990. On July 1, 1989, after 426 years of uninterrupted mining activity for the Pernecker tunnel, the mining operation relocated from the miners' house at the Maria Theresia tunnel to the newly built operating facilities at the Franz Josef Erbstollen in Lauffen. Until the Perneck mining company was relocated, foreign miners could spend the night in the Knappenhaus. In the summer of 1989, the workforce consisted of 2 foremen and 26 workers. After the settlement, the Perneck mining area was driven through the central shaft by Emperor Franz Josef - Erbstollen. To make driving easier, the central shaft was automated in 1990 for self-propelled operation. The miners' house, which had been vacant since 1989, was demolished in the winter of 1999. After the above-ground facilities were relocated to the Kaiser Franz Josef - Erbstollen, the tourist service in the Maria Theresia - Stollen was still operated during the summer months, partly redesigned and in 1993 in the former forge also a showroom with exhibits and display boards from the "Technical Museum" Vienna about the Salt and brine production set up. The show mine in Bad Ischl (Perneck) had to be closed on July 31, 2000 due to unsafe access, a landslide relocated the steep road. The potential visitors (up to 40,000 per year) should come to Hallstatt; however, this hope has only been partially fulfilled. On July 31, 2000, the mine visitor operation at the Ischl salt mine, now operated by Salinen Tourismus GmbH, was discontinued for reasons of expected, necessary investments and probably also because of insufficient visitor frequency. The devastation of the access road by a hurricane was ostensibly cited as the reason for the public closure. The up to 40,000 visitors who visited the Perneck show mine every year should switch to Hallstatt or Altaussee. Sources used: Carl Schraml "The Upper Austrian Salt Works from 1750 to the time after the French Wars", Vienna 1934 Carl Schraml "The Upper Austrian Salt Works from 1818 to the end of the Salt Office in 1850", Vienna 1936 Ischl home club "Bad Ischl home book 2004", Bad Ischl 2004 Leopold Schiendorfer "Perneck - A Village Through the Ages", Linz 2006 Johann Steiner "The traveling companion through Upper Austrian Switzerland", Linz 1820, reprint Gmunden 1981 L. Janiss "Technical help book for the Austrian salt mining company", Vienna 1934 Georg Chancellor "Ischl's chronicle", Ischl 1881, reprint Bad Ischl 1983 Michael Kefer "Description of the main maps of the kk Salzberg zu Ischl", 1820, transcription by Thomas Nussbaumer, as of September 13, 2016 Friedrich Idam "Maria Theresia Stollen", manuscript Internet Ivo Rotter "Ischl's salt blessing", Bad Ischl 1962 Kurt Thomanek "Grains of Salt", Leoben 2007 1772 erneuerte das Ischler Verwesamt seinen Antrag auf Genehmigung des schon vor drei Jahren erwogenen neuen Bergaufschlages, „weil die oberen Berge allgemach zusammengehen und außer Genuss kommen“. Zum Nachweis des sich in die Tiefe erstreckenden Salzstockes wurde vom damals tiefsten Stollen, dem Kais er Josef Stollen, der Verweser v. Khiebach – Schurf abgeteuft. Dieser Vortrieb zeigte, dass der Salzstock noch mindestens eine Bergdicke von 30 m in die Tiefe reichte. Dem Ansuchen wurde nun rasch stattgegeben und am 26. September 1775 in Anwesenheit des damaligen Salzoberamtmannes Josef Barthol Edlen von Riethaler unter großen Festlichkeiten der neue Kaiser Franz Stollen, ab 1808 in Kaiserin Maria Theresia – Stollen umbenannt, angeschlagen. Der Maria Theresia Stollen hatte eine ursprüngliche Höhe von 1,95 m und eine Breite von 0,95 m; daraus ergab sich eine Querschnittsfläche von rd. 1,9 m². Sein Gefälle beträgt 2,4 %. Das anstehende, harte Kalkgestein erlaubte einen durchschnittlichen Jahresvortrieb von lediglich 18 Stabel oder 21,50 m, dies entsprach einem Tagesvortrieb von nur 10 cm. Zum raschen Vortrieb der Hauptschachtricht wurden mehrere Gegenbaue in Betrieb genommen. 1776 wurde vom Kaschnitz – Schurf berg- und tagwärts der erste Gegenbau angelegt. 1777 traf man beim bergseitigen Vortrieb dieses Gegenbaues auf einen starken Wasserzutritt, der die weiteren Arbeiten massiv erschwerte. Das zufließende Wasser musst händisch über den Kaschnitz – Schurf nach oben in den Kaiser Josef – Stollen gehoben werden. Als 1778 auch am tagseitigen Vortrieb ein starker Wasserzufluss angefahren wurde, musste dieses Feldort, um einen raschen Durchschlag mit dem Vortrieb vom Tag aus zu machen, mit mehr Häuern belegt werden. 1779 erfolgte der Durchschlag zum Gegenort und so konnten ab sofort die Stollenwässer problemlos über die neue Hauptschachtricht nach Obertage abfließen. Ein zweiter Gegenbau wurde vom Pizza – Schurf tagwärts angelegt, wo man ebenfalls Wasser antraf. Dieser Wasserzutritt machte jedoch keine großen Probleme, weil man bereits 1779 mit dem Feldort des vom Kaschnitz – Schurf bergwärts geführten Vortrieb zum Durchschlag kam. 1780 wurde schließlich ein dritter Gegenbau vom Salzoberamtsrath Hintermayr – Schurf tagwärts und vom Pizza – Schurf bergwärts angelegt. 1781 wurde vom Hintermayr – Schurf tagwärts am Gegenbau –- Feldort ein Wasserzutritt angefahren, der so stark anwuchs, dass man das Wasser über den Hintermayr – Schurf ansteigen und auf der Kaiser Josef – Stollen Hauptschachtricht nach Obertage ausrinnen lassen musste. 1781 wurde über den neu abgeteuften Preßl – Schurf der vierte Gegenortbetrieb berg- und tagwärts in Betrieb genommen. Das tagwärtige Feldort kam mit dem vom Pizza – Schurf bergwärts betriebenen Vortrieb 1784 zum Durchschlag. Zum rascheren Durchschlag mit dem, wegen des Wasserzutrittes in Feier stehenden tagwärtigen Feldort beim Hintermayr Schurf, wurde vom Preßl – Schurf bergwärts verstärkt vorgetrieben. 1790 gelangte schließlich der Durchschlag und das 1781 beim Hintermayr – Schurf erbaute Wasser konnte über die neue Maria Theresia – Hauptschachtricht problemlos nach Obertage abfließen. Durch die vier aufwendigen Gegenortbaue konnte trotz der vielen Probleme mit Wasserzuflüssen die 1.335 Stabel (1.591,3m) lange Hauptschachtricht durch harte Kalksteinschichten in 16 Jahren durchgearbeitet und ins Salz getrieben werden. Unweit des Hintermayr - Schurfes wurde beim Streckenvortrieb eine stark schwefelhaltige Mineralwasserquelle angefahren. Nach einem 1819 im Oberamt gefassten Beschluss sollten die Stampfer - und Lichtenfels – Kehr im Maria Theresia – Stollen die Ausdehnung des Salzlagers feststellen. 1777 arbeitete der Salinenbaumeister Panzenberger den Plan des Berghauses und einer Schmiede beim Maria Theresia – Stollen aus. Das einstöckige Gebäude sollte Unterkunftsräume für 37 Knechte und 2 Zimmer für die Aufseher erhalten. Nach einer aus Geldmangel etwas verzögerten Fertigstellung des Gebäudes im Jahre 1778 wurden die alten Berghäuser am Frauenholz – und Elisabeth – Stollen, weil entbehrlich, abgetragen. Die Kernsubstanz des Berghauses nahm eine Grundrissfläche von 15,2 x 9,8 m ein, erreichte eine Traufhöhe von 6,9 m und eine Firsthöhe von 10,7 m. Der zweifach anstehende Dachstuhl war mit Lärchenbrettern beziehungsweise im Traufbereich mit Blechbahnen gedeckt. Zur Illustration der Lebensverhältnisse kann die Tatsache dienen, dass im Erdgeschoß auf 44,5 m² 24 Knechte schliefen, während dem Aufseher allein ein 18,5 m² großer Schlafraum zur Verfügung stand. Im Jahre 1783 wurde das Knappenhaus auf dem sogenannten „Steinbalfen“ erstmals bezogen. 1823 wurde am Mundloch des Maria Theresia – Stollens eine Verwässerungsstube errichtet, um das ausgeförderte salzhaltige Hauwerk noch auslaugen zu können. 1847 befand sich die Klebelsberg – Kehr zur Erschließung des Salzlagers gegen Südosten im Vortrieb. Zur Förderung des bei Werkssäuberungen anfallenden Werkslaists wurde in der Maria Theresia – Hauptschachtricht 1841 auf Initiative von Salinendirektor Franz Ritter von Schwind eine Förderbahn mit einer Spurweite von 606 mm angelegt. Die gefüllten Wagen rollten selbständig aus dem Stollen, während die leeren Hunte von einem Arbeiter einwärts geschoben werden konnten. Dadruch konnte die bisher praktizierte Laistausschwemmung mit ihren recht unangenehmen Begleiterscheinungen aus der Grube verdrängt werden. Allerdings musste für die Förderbahn das Gefälle der Hauptschachtricht durch eine kostspielige Sohlregulierung vorher ausgeglichen werden, um das Ansteigen für die einwärts fahrenden großen Hunte zu reduzieren. Der Klafter Eisenschienenbeschlag kostete 1 fl. 25 kr. Für die ersten Versuche kamen zum Beschlagen des Holzgestänges unbrauchbar gewordene Füderltragstangen von 1 Zoll Breite (2,6 cm), ¼ Zoll (65 mm) Dicke und 6 Fuß (2 m) Länge. Die Hunte besaßen Räder von 14 Zoll (36,8 cm) Durchmesser und einen Fassungsraum von vier bisherigen Truhen. Die Spurweite betrug 23 Wiener Zoll (606 mm). Bei ausgeglichenem Gefälle rollten die gefüllten Wägen von selbst langsam heraus, die leeren Hunte konnten von einem Mann einwärts geschoben werden. Der Fürsorge des Salinendirektors Schwind verdankt der Ischler Salzberg schließlich noch die Ausgestaltung der Werksgebäude beim Maria Theresia Stollen. Die dortige Bergschmiede war 1840 dem Verfalle nahe, ein Neubau unaufschiebbar geworden. Der weitgehende Umbau der Bergschmiede und des Berghauses erfolgte 1843 – 1845 nach Plänen des Salinenzeichners Drexler. Der Bau des neuen Berghauses in der Nähe des Maria Theresia Stollens fällt in die Zeit um 1850. Der Bauplan enthielt Wohnungen für den Bergschaffer und einen Aufseher, ein Konsultations- und Markscheidezimmer, dann noch eine Zimmerstube und ein Materialraum. Situation der Wehren im Kaiserin Maria Theresia – Stollen um 1850: Insgesamt 6 Wehren, davon 3 in Betrieb und 3 in Auffahrung. Kolloredo - Wehr, Stampfer – Wehr und Köhler – Wehr (alle in Betrieb); Hocheder – Wehr und Berghofer - Wehr (jeweils Lang- und Sitzoffen in Auffahrung); Suda - Wehr (Langoffen in Auffahrung). 1850 genehmigte die Bergbaudirektion die Abteufung des Werner – Schachtes vom Elisabeth – auf den Maria Theresia – Stollen. Der von Salinendirektor Schwind an Stelle des Förderhaspels bei der Werkssäuberung eingeführte Wassertonnenaufzug gewann am Ischler Salzberg besondere Bedeutung für die Zubringung von Werkslaist über den Wiesner – Schacht als Versatz in die Verbruchsräume der oberen Horizonte. 1847 verbesserte Schwind diese Förderungsart durch den Gewichtsausgleich mittels endlosem Seil oder Kette. Die über dem Maria Theresia Horizont noch in Abbau befindlichen Stollen wurden 1930 aufgelassen, nur der Amalia Stollen wird zwecks Ableitung der Raubwässer weiter offengehalten. Am Ischler Salzberg gingen umfangreiche geologische Arbeiten der im Jahre 1948 anberaumten Hauptbefahrung voraus. Wie seit 100 Jahren in Salinenbetrieben üblich, wurden bei dieser Gelegenheit die Betriebspläne für die nächsten 5 Jahre festgelegt. Die Zuleitung der für den Wässerungsbetrieb benötigten Wasser sowie der Transport von Betriebsmitteln auf die einzelnen Horizonte sollte in einem im standfesten Gebirge abgeteuften Blindschacht verlegt werden. Zu diesem Zwecke wurde der Maria Theresia – Stollen auf ein für den Lokverkehr geeignetes Profil nachgerissen und Querschläge von den einzelnen Horizonten zum geplanten, neuen Schacht erstellt. Dadurch sollte der Betrieb vereinfacht und verbilligt werden. Ein Ereignis der besonderen Art war die Lieferung der ersten Grubenlok zum Maria Theresia Stollen. Im Winter 1951/52 begannen die Nachrissarbeiten und Torkretierung dieses Hauptstollens. Für die Förderung wurde eine Ruhrthaler Grubenlok mit Dieselbetrieb gekauft. Die Grubenlok der Type GZ 22 hatte 22 PS und ein Dienstgewicht von 5,3 t. Zum Zeitpunkt der Anlieferung war der Perneckfuß aus Witterungsgründen nicht befahrbar und die 5,3 t schwere Lok musste in der Au abgeladen werden. Sie wurde mit vielen Menschen, Pferden und Ochsen über den Perneckfuß zum Maria Theresia Stollen befördert. Die Ruhrthaler Grubenlok diente neben Grubenförderung auch viele Jahrzehnte zur Beförderung der Besucher des Schaubergwerkes. Sie wurde erst 1982 durch eine 40 PS starke Jenbacher Diesellok der Type DH 40 G ersetzt. kms Ruhrthaler Grubenlok mit Fremdengruppe, Kaiserin Mar ia Theresia Stollen, 1955, Archiv Salinen Austria Die Ruhrthaler Grubenlok diente neben Grubenförderung auch viele Jahrzehnte zur Beförderung der Besucher des Schaubergwerkes. Sie wurde erst 1982 durch eine 40 PS starke Jenbacher Diesellok der Type DH 40 G ersetzt. Jenbacher Grubenlok, Einfahrt, Kaiserin Maria Theresia Stollen, um 1990 Im Juli 1954 gab es ein großes Hochwasser. Unterhalb des Maria Theresia – Stollens hatte sich durch die Halde ein großer Stausee gebildet. Diese war durch die für den Lokbetrieb nötige Erweiterung der Maria Theresia – Hauptschachtricht übermäßig stark angewachsen. Während der Nacht zum 8. Juli rutschte die gesamte Halde in den Sulzbach und wurde vom Hochwasser mitgerissen. In weiterer Folge wurde die Pernecker – Gipslacke mit dem Gesteinsmaterial gänzlich verschüttet. Der Rest füllte das Bachbett auf, sodass der Sulzbach in Perneck über die Ufer trat. Ab dem Jahr 1957 waren alle Laugwerke der Pernecker Stollen über dem Leopold – Stollen und somit auch im Maria Theresia – Horizont ausbenützt und die in den tiefer liegenden Horizonten erzeugte Sole wurde seither über den Franz Josef Erbstollen abgegeben. Situation der Wehren im Kaiserin Maria Theresia – Stollen um 1966: Insgesamt 22 Wehren, nur mehr Wallner – Wehr in Betrieb, alle anderen totgesprochen. Ott - Wehr, Wallner - Wehr, Heger - Wehr, Prinzinger - Wehr, Schnabl - Wehr, Kelb - Wehr, Hocheder - Wehr, Klein - Wehr, Grüner - Wehr, Suda - Wehr, Schedl - Wehr, Schernthaner - und Flechner - Wehr (verschnitten), Kolloredo - Wehr, Arbesser - Wehr, Buschmann - Wehr, Stampfer - Wehr, Stapf - Wehr, Köhler - Wehr, Posch – Wehr sowie Rittinger – Wehr und Berghofer – Wehr als Fremdenwerke. Nach der Stollenerweiterung konnte in den Jahren 1957 bis 1960 der Zentralschacht vom Maria Theresia – Stollen zum Franz Josef – Erbstollen mit einer Höhe von 203,8m durch eigenes Personal abgeteuft werden. Der Zentralschacht stellt die Verbindung der Pernecker Stollen mit dem Franz Josef – Erbstollen bei Lauffen her. Dadurch konnte, nach Auslaufen des Laugbetriebes im 1. Tiefbau, der keinen Anschluss an den Zentral – Schacht hatte, der aufwendig zu erhaltende Distler – Schacht ab etwa 1990 aufgelassen werden. Am 1. Juli 1989 übersiedelte der Bergbaubetrieb nach 426 Jahren ununterbrochener Bergbautätigkeit für die Pernecker – Stollen vom Knappenhaus beim Maria Theresia – Stollen zu den neuerrichteten Betriebsanlagen beim Franz Josef – Erbstollen nach Lauffen. Bis zur Absiedlung des Pernecker Bergbaubetriebes konnten die auswärtigen Bergarbeiter im Knappenhaus nächtigen. Im Sommer 1989 bestand die Belegschaft aus 2 Steigern und 26 Arbeitern. Nach der Absiedelung wurde das Grubenrevier Perneck durch den Zentral – Schacht vom Kaiser Franz Josef – Erbstollen befahren. Zur Erleichterung der Befahrung wurde der Zentral – Schacht 1990 für den Selbstfahrbetrieb automatisiert. Das seit 1989 leerstehende Knappenhaus wurde im Winter 1999 abgebrochen. Nach Verlegung der Obertaganlagen zum Kaiser Franz Josef – Erbstollen wurde der Fremdenbefahrungsbetrieb im Maria Theresia – Stollen während der Sommermonate trotzdem weiter betrieben, zum Teil neugestaltet und 1993 in der ehemaligen Schmiede auch ein Schauraum mit Exponaten und Schautafeln aus dem „Technischen Museum“ Wien über die Salz- und Solegewinnung eingerichtet. Am 31. Juli 2000 wurde beim Salzbergbau Ischl der Bergwerksbesucherbetrieb, nunmehr betrieben von der Salinen Tourismus GbmH, aus Gründen zu erwartender, notwendiger Investitionen und wahrscheinlich auch wege n zu geringer Besucherfrequenz, eingestellt. Vordergründig wurde die Verwüstung der Zufahrtsstraße durch einen Orkan als Schließungsgrund in der Öffentlichkeit genannt. Die bis zu 40.000 Besucher, die jährlich das Pernecker Schaubergwerk besuchten, sollten nach Hallstatt oder Altaussee wechseln. Verwendete Quellen: Carl Schraml „Das oberösterreichische Salinenwesen von 1750 bis zur Zeit nach den Franzosenkriegen“, Wien 1934 Carl Schraml „Das oberösterreichische Salinenwesen von 1818 bis zum Ende des Salzamtes 1850“, Wien 1936 Ischler Heimatverein „Bad Ischl Heimatbuch 2004“, Bad Ischl 2004 Leopold Schiendorfer „Perneck – Ein Dorf im Wandel der Zeit“, Linz 2006 Johann Steiner „Der Reisegefährte durch die Oberösterreichische Schweiz“, Linz 1820, Reprint Gmunden 1981 L. Janiss „Technisches Hilfsbuch für den österreichischen Salzbergbaubetrieb“, Wien 1934 Georg Kanzler „Ischls Chronik“, Ischl 1881, Reprint Bad Ischl 1983 Michael Kefer „Beschreibung Hauptkarten des kk Salzberges zu Ischl“, 1820, Transkription Thomas Nussbaumer, Stand 13.09.2016 Friedrich Idam „Maria Theresia Stollen“, Manuskript Internet Ivo Rotter „Ischls Salzsegen“, Bad Ischl 1962 Kurt Thomanek „Salzkörner“, Leoben 2007 1772 erneuerte das Ischler Verwesamt seinen Antrag auf Genehmigung des schon vor drei Jahren erwogenen neuen Bergaufschlages, „weil die oberen Berge allgemach zusammengehen und außer Genuss kommen“. Zum Nachweis des sich in die Tiefe erstreckenden Salzstockes wurde vom damals tiefsten Stollen, dem Kais er Josef Stollen, der Verweser v. Khiebach – Schurf abgeteuft. Dieser Vortrieb zeigte, dass der Salzstock noch mindestens eine Bergdicke von 30 m in die Tiefe reichte. Dem Ansuchen wurde nun rasch stattgegeben und am 26. September 1775 in Anwesenheit des damaligen Salzoberamtmannes Josef Barthol Edlen von Riethaler unter großen Festlichkeiten der neue Kaiser Franz Stollen, ab 1808 in Kaiserin Maria Theresia – Stollen umbenannt, angeschlagen. Der Maria Theresia Stollen hatte eine ursprüngliche Höhe von 1,95 m und eine Breite von 0,95 m; daraus ergab sich eine Querschnittsfläche von rd. 1,9 m². Sein Gefälle beträgt 2,4 %. Das anstehende, harte Kalkgestein erlaubte einen durchschnittlichen Jahresvortrieb von lediglich 18 Stabel oder 21,50 m, dies entsprach einem Tagesvortrieb von nur 10 cm. Zum raschen Vortrieb der Hauptschachtricht wurden mehrere Gegenbaue in Betrieb genommen. 1776 wurde vom Kaschnitz – Schurf berg- und tagwärts der erste Gegenbau angelegt. 1777 traf man beim bergseitigen Vortrieb dieses Gegenbaues auf einen starken Wasserzutritt, der die weiteren Arbeiten massiv erschwerte. Das zufließende Wasser musst händisch über den Kaschnitz – Schurf nach oben in den Kaiser Josef – Stollen gehoben werden. Als 1778 auch am tagseitigen Vortrieb ein starker Wasserzufluss angefahren wurde, musste dieses Feldort, um einen raschen Durchschlag mit dem Vortrieb vom Tag aus zu machen, mit mehr Häuern belegt werden. 1779 erfolgte der Durchschlag zum Gegenort und so konnten ab sofort die Stollenwässer problemlos über die neue Hauptschachtricht nach Obertage abfließen. Ein zweiter Gegenbau wurde vom Pizza – Schurf tagwärts angelegt, wo man ebenfalls Wasser antraf. Dieser Wasserzutritt machte jedoch keine großen Probleme, weil man bereits 1779 mit dem Feldort des vom Kaschnitz – Schurf bergwärts geführten Vortrieb zum Durchschlag kam. 1780 wurde schließlich ein dritter Gegenbau vom Salzoberamtsrath Hintermayr – Schurf tagwärts und vom Pizza – Schurf bergwärts angelegt. 1781 wurde vom Hintermayr – Schurf tagwärts am Gegenbau –- Feldort ein Wasserzutritt angefahren, der so stark anwuchs, dass man das Wasser über den Hintermayr – Schurf ansteigen und auf der Kaiser Josef – Stollen Hauptschachtricht nach Obertage ausrinnen lassen musste. 1781 wurde über den neu abgeteuften Preßl – Schurf der vierte Gegenortbetrieb berg- und tagwärts in Betrieb genommen. Das tagwärtige Feldort kam mit dem vom Pizza – Schurf bergwärts betriebenen Vortrieb 1784 zum Durchschlag. Zum rascheren Durchschlag mit dem, wegen des Wasserzutrittes in Feier stehenden tagwärtigen Feldort beim Hintermayr Schurf, wurde vom Preßl – Schurf bergwärts verstärkt vorgetrieben. 1790 gelangte schließlich der Durchschlag und das 1781 beim Hintermayr – Schurf erbaute Wasser konnte über die neue Maria Theresia – Hauptschachtricht problemlos nach Obertage abfließen. Durch die vier aufwendigen Gegenortbaue konnte trotz der vielen Probleme mit Wasserzuflüssen die 1.335 Stabel (1.591,3m) lange Hauptschachtricht durch harte Kalksteinschichten in 16 Jahren durchgearbeitet und ins Salz getrieben werden. Unweit des Hintermayr - Schurfes wurde beim Streckenvortrieb eine stark schwefelhaltige Mineralwasserquelle angefahren. Nach einem 1819 im Oberamt gefassten Beschluss sollten die Stampfer - und Lichtenfels – Kehr im Maria Theresia – Stollen die Ausdehnung des Salzlagers feststellen. 1777 arbeitete der Salinenbaumeister Panzenberger den Plan des Berghauses und einer Schmiede beim Maria Theresia – Stollen aus. Das einstöckige Gebäude sollte Unterkunftsräume für 37 Knechte und 2 Zimmer für die Aufseher erhalten. Nach einer aus Geldmangel etwas verzögerten Fertigstellung des Gebäudes im Jahre 1778 wurden die alten Berghäuser am Frauenholz – und Elisabeth – Stollen, weil entbehrlich, abgetragen. Die Kernsubstanz des Berghauses nahm eine Grundrissfläche von 15,2 x 9,8 m ein, erreichte eine Traufhöhe von 6,9 m und eine Firsthöhe von 10,7 m. Der zweifach anstehende Dachstuhl war mit Lärchenbrettern beziehungsweise im Traufbereich mit Blechbahnen gedeckt. Zur Illustration der Lebensverhältnisse kann die Tatsache dienen, dass im Erdgeschoß auf 44,5 m² 24 Knechte schliefen, während dem Aufseher allein ein 18,5 m² großer Schlafraum zur Verfügung stand. Im Jahre 1783 wurde das Knappenhaus auf dem sogenannten „Steinbalfen“ erstmals bezogen. 1823 wurde am Mundloch des Maria Theresia – Stollens eine Verwässerungsstube errichtet, um das ausgeförderte salzhaltige Hauwerk noch auslaugen zu können. 1847 befand sich die Klebelsberg – Kehr zur Erschließung des Salzlagers gegen Südosten im Vortrieb. Zur Förderung des bei Werkssäuberungen anfallenden Werkslaists wurde in der Maria Theresia – Hauptschachtricht 1841 auf Initiative von Salinendirektor Franz Ritter von Schwind eine Förderbahn mit einer Spurweite von 606 mm angelegt. Die gefüllten Wagen rollten selbständig aus dem Stollen, während die leeren Hunte von einem Arbeiter einwärts geschoben werden konnten. Dadruch konnte die bisher praktizierte Laistausschwemmung mit ihren recht unangenehmen Begleiterscheinungen aus der Grube verdrängt werden. Allerdings musste für die Förderbahn das Gefälle der Hauptschachtricht durch eine kostspielige Sohlregulierung vorher ausgeglichen werden, um das Ansteigen für die einwärts fahrenden großen Hunte zu reduzieren. Der Klafter Eisenschienenbeschlag kostete 1 fl. 25 kr. Für die ersten Versuche kamen zum Beschlagen des Holzgestänges unbrauchbar gewordene Füderltragstangen von 1 Zoll Breite (2,6 cm), ¼ Zoll (65 mm) Dicke und 6 Fuß (2 m) Länge. Die Hunte besaßen Räder von 14 Zoll (36,8 cm) Durchmesser und einen Fassungsraum von vier bisherigen Truhen. Die Spurweite betrug 23 Wiener Zoll (606 mm). Bei ausgeglichenem Gefälle rollten die gefüllten Wägen von selbst langsam heraus, die leeren Hunte konnten von einem Mann einwärts geschoben werden. Der Fürsorge des Salinendirektors Schwind verdankt der Ischler Salzberg schließlich noch die Ausgestaltung der Werksgebäude beim Maria Theresia Stollen. Die dortige Bergschmiede war 1840 dem Verfalle nahe, ein Neubau unaufschiebbar geworden. Der weitgehende Umbau der Bergschmiede und des Berghauses erfolgte 1843 – 1845 nach Plänen des Salinenzeichners Drexler. Der Bau des neuen Berghauses in der Nähe des Maria Theresia Stollens fällt in die Zeit um 1850. Der Bauplan enthielt Wohnungen für den Bergschaffer und einen Aufseher, ein Konsultations- und Markscheidezimmer, dann noch eine Zimmerstube und ein Materialraum. Situation der Wehren im Kaiserin Maria Theresia – Stollen um 1850: Insgesamt 6 Wehren, davon 3 in Betrieb und 3 in Auffahrung. Kolloredo - Wehr, Stampfer – Wehr und Köhler – Wehr (alle in Betrieb); Hocheder – Wehr und Berghofer - Wehr (jeweils Lang- und Sitzoffen in Auffahrung); Suda - Wehr (Langoffen in Auffahrung). 1850 genehmigte die Bergbaudirektion die Abteufung des Werner – Schachtes vom Elisabeth – auf den Maria Theresia – Stollen. Der von Salinendirektor Schwind an Stelle des Förderhaspels bei der Werkssäuberung eingeführte Wassertonnenaufzug gewann am Ischler Salzberg besondere Bedeutung für die Zubringung von Werkslaist über den Wiesner – Schacht als Versatz in die Verbruchsräume der oberen Horizonte. 1847 verbesserte Schwind diese Förderungsart durch den Gewichtsausgleich mittels endlosem Seil oder Kette. Die über dem Maria Theresia Horizont noch in Abbau befindlichen Stollen wurden 1930 aufgelassen, nur der Amalia Stollen wird zwecks Ableitung der Raubwässer weiter offengehalten. Am Ischler Salzberg gingen umfangreiche geologische Arbeiten der im Jahre 1948 anberaumten Hauptbefahrung voraus. Wie seit 100 Jahren in Salinenbetrieben üblich, wurden bei dieser Gelegenheit die Betriebspläne für die nächsten 5 Jahre festgelegt. Die Zuleitung der für den Wässerungsbetrieb benötigten Wasser sowie der Transport von Betriebsmitteln auf die einzelnen Horizonte sollte in einem im standfesten Gebirge abgeteuften Blindschacht verlegt werden. Zu diesem Zwecke wurde der Maria Theresia – Stollen auf ein für den Lokverkehr geeignetes Profil nachgerissen und Querschläge von den einzelnen Horizonten zum geplanten, neuen Schacht erstellt. Dadurch sollte der Betrieb vereinfacht und verbilligt werden. Ein Ereignis der besonderen Art war die Lieferung der ersten Grubenlok zum Maria Theresia Stollen. Im Winter 1951/52 begannen die Nachrissarbeiten und Torkretierung dieses Hauptstollens. Für die Förderung wurde eine Ruhrthaler Grubenlok mit Dieselbetrieb gekauft. Die Grubenlok der Type GZ 22 hatte 22 PS und ein Dienstgewicht von 5,3 t. Zum Zeitpunkt der Anlieferung war der Perneckfuß aus Witterungsgründen nicht befahrbar und die 5,3 t schwere Lok musste in der Au abgeladen werden. Sie wurde mit vielen Menschen, Pferden und Ochsen über den Perneckfuß zum Maria Theresia Stollen befördert. Die Ruhrthaler Grubenlok diente neben Grubenförderung auch viele Jahrzehnte zur Beförderung der Besucher des Schaubergwerkes. Sie wurde erst 1982 durch eine 40 PS starke Jenbacher Diesellok der Type DH 40 G ersetzt. Im Juli 1954 gab es ein großes Hochwasser. Unterhalb des Maria Theresia – Stollens hatte sich durch die Halde ein großer Stausee gebildet. Diese war durch die für den Lokbetrieb nötige Erweiterung der Maria Theresia – Hauptschachtricht übermäßig stark angewachsen. Während der Nacht zum 8. Juli rutschte die gesamte Halde in den Sulzbach und wurde vom Hochwasser mitgerissen. In weiterer Folge wurde die Pernecker – Gipslacke mit dem Gesteinsmaterial gänzlich verschüttet. Der Rest füllte das Bachbett auf, sodass der Sulzbach in Perneck über die Ufer trat. Ab dem Jahr 1957 waren alle Laugwerke der Pernecker Stollen über dem Leopold – Stollen und somit auch im Maria Theresia – Horizont ausbenützt und die in den tiefer liegenden Horizonten erzeugte Sole wurde seither über den Franz Josef Erbstollen abgegeben. Situation der Wehren im Kaiserin Maria Theresia – Stollen um 1966: Insgesamt 22 Wehren, nur mehr Wallner – Wehr in Betrieb, alle anderen totgesprochen. Ott - Wehr, Wallner - Wehr, Heger - Wehr, Prinzinger - Wehr, Schnabl - Wehr, Kelb - Wehr, Hocheder - Wehr, Klein - Wehr, Grüner - Wehr, Suda - Wehr, Schedl - Wehr, Schernthaner - und Flechner - Wehr (verschnitten), Kolloredo - Wehr, Arbesser - Wehr, Buschmann - Wehr, Stampfer - Wehr, Stapf - Wehr, Köhler - Wehr, Posch – Wehr sowie Rittinger – Wehr und Berghofer – Wehr als Fremdenwerke. Nach der Stollenerweiterung konnte in den Jahren 1957 bis 1960 der Zentralschacht vom Maria Theresia – Stollen zum Franz Josef – Erbstollen mit einer Höhe von 203,8m durch eigenes Personal abgeteuft werden. Der Zentralschacht stellt die Verbindung der Pernecker Stollen mit dem Franz Josef – Erbstollen bei Lauffen her. Dadurch konnte, nach Auslaufen des Laugbetriebes im 1. Tiefbau, der keinen Anschluss an den Zentral – Schacht hatte, der aufwendig zu erhaltende Distler – Schacht ab etwa 1990 aufgelassen werden. Am 1. Juli 1989 übersiedelte der Bergbaubetrieb nach 426 Jahren ununterbrochener Bergbautätigkeit für die Pernecker – Stollen vom Knappenhaus beim Maria Theresia – Stollen zu den neuerrichteten Betriebsanlagen beim Franz Josef – Erbstollen nach Lauffen. Bis zur Absiedlung des Pernecker Bergbaubetriebes konnten die auswärtigen Bergarbeiter im Knappenhaus nächtigen. Im Sommer 1989 bestand die Belegschaft aus 2 Steigern und 26 Arbeitern. Nach der Absiedelung wurde das Grubenrevier Perneck durch den Zentral – Schacht vom Kaiser Franz Josef – Erbstollen befahren. Zur Erleichterung der Befahrung wurde der Zentral – Schacht 1990 für den Selbstfahrbetrieb automatisiert. Das seit 1989 leerstehende Knappenhaus wurde im Winter 1999 abgebrochen. Nach Verlegung der Obertaganlagen zum Kaiser Franz Josef – Erbstollen wurde der Fremdenbefahrungsbetrieb im Maria Theresia – Stollen während der Sommermonate trotzdem weiter betrieben, zum Teil neugestaltet und 1993 in der ehemaligen Schmiede auch ein Schauraum mit Exponaten und Schautafeln aus dem „Technischen Museum“ Wien über die Salz- und Solegewinnung eingerichtet. Am 31. Juli 2000 wurde beim Salzbergbau Ischl der Bergwerksbesucherbetrieb, nunmehr betrieben von der Salinen Tourismus GbmH, aus Gründen zu erwartender, notwendiger Investitionen und wahrscheinlich auch wege n zu geringer Besucherfrequenz, eingestellt. Vordergründig wurde die Verwüstung der Zufahrtsstraße durch einen Orkan als Schließungsgrund in der Öffentlichkeit genannt. Die bis zu 40.000 Besucher, die jährlich das Pernecker Schaubergwerk besuchten, sollten nach Hallstatt oder Altaussee wechseln. Verwendete Quellen: Carl Schraml „Das oberösterreichische Salinenwesen von 1750 bis zur Zeit nach den Franzosenkriegen“, Wien 1934 Carl Schraml „Das oberösterreichische Salinenwesen von 1818 bis zum Ende des Salzamtes 1850“, Wien 1936 Ischler Heimatverein „Bad Ischl Heimatbuch 2004“, Bad Ischl 2004 Leopold Schiendorfer „Perneck – Ein Dorf im Wandel der Zeit“, Linz 2006 Johann Steiner „Der Reisegefährte durch die Oberösterreichische Schweiz“, Linz 1820, Reprint Gmunden 1981 L. Janiss „Technisches Hilfsbuch für den österreichischen Salzbergbaubetrieb“, Wien 1934 Georg Kanzler „Ischls Chronik“, Ischl 1881, Reprint Bad Ischl 1983 Michael Kefer „Beschreibung Hauptkarten des kk Salzberges zu Ischl“, 1820, Transkription Thomas Nussbaumer, Stand 13.09.2016 Friedrich Idam „Maria Theresia Stollen“, Manuskript Internet Ivo Rotter „Ischls Salzsegen“, Bad Ischl 1962 Kurt Thomanek „Salzkörner“, Leoben 2007

Salzkammergut Salzbergbau Sozialgeschichte Schulen Social – Schools: For the education of workers' children there were schools in the Kammergutorten, which the communities shared with the Salzamt. The schoolmaster was usually paid by the parents themselves, but the office paid the school fees for poor workers. The first school on Bad Ischler Boden was probably in the "Freien Markt Lauffen", where a schoolmaster Hyronimus Seifelder is said to have worked as early as 1519. It is known that in 1550 there was a schoolmaster in Ischl. The first schoolhouse was built by the municipality in Markt Ischl in 1560 and in Lauffen in 1567. For the boys who had outgrown school, acceptance into the imperial service or into the manufacturing service was the rule; on the Salzbergen in Hallstatt and Ischl, the son usually followed his father in the same branch of service. If the boy had learned a trade, the office paid the fee or apprenticeship fee to the master craftsman. Up to the last quarter of the 18th century, the school system in the Kammergut had not undergone any significant improvement compared to before, only the number of schools had increased. In 1767 there were schools in Laufen, Ischl, Ebensee, Obertraun and St. Agatha in addition to Hallstatt and Goisern. The schoolmasters were poorly paid, but they and their widows were commissionable. Their knowledge was very limited, so apart from Christianity, which was the main subject of the lesson, they could only teach the children little. After all, the majority of the schoolmasters came from the clerkship and their widow was allowed to continue the lessons. The schoolmasters were also always appointed in agreement with the religious commission and the missionary superior. In 1769, in addition to the parish schoolmaster, who was paid by the Salzamt, Ischl also had a market and religious schoolmaster, who taught independently of the former and also taught Christians in the neighboring parishes. On December 6, 1774, the great school reform took place under Maria Theresia. So-called trivial schools should be set up in every parish. How the first trivial schools were designed can be read in Abbot Johann Ignaz Felbiger’s “Core and Method Book”: “The children gather at school before 8 a.m. and go to church in pairs, modestly. After Holy Mass they also go back to school. There they pray, the names are read out. From ¾ 9 to ½ 10 the little students learn to know and spell the letters. From ½ 10 to ½ 11 the catechism is read. ½ 11 is prayed, the students are dismissed except for the arithmetic students, who are instructed and practiced in arithmetic until ½ 12.” The schools in the Kammergutorten were continued from 1774 onwards as trivial schools according to a uniform curriculum drawn up by the government and were only managed by certified teachers. The schoolmasters had to travel to Linz to acquire the teaching method, take a course at the local normal school and, after completing it, take an exam. The trivial school in Ischl only required a single classroom, separate from the schoolmaster's apartment, with a step for the teacher and an easel with 2 black boards. So that the older children would not be completely deprived of housework, half-day classes were introduced, in which the children only had to attend in the mornings. From then on, religious instruction was no longer taken care of by the schoolmaster, but by the catechist twice a week. Well-to-do parents had to pay the school fees of 1 guilder a year themselves, the poorer workers were paid by the Salzamt, and very poor children were also provided with school books. The maintenance costs of the public trivial school fell to the state. The trivial school was followed by the also public secondary or normal school with higher learning goals, to which the trivial students could transfer after the second grade. In 1782 Ischl got a new school building for the old rooms that had become inadequate. In 1816 the number of students had already risen to over 400, so a third classroom and a second assistant became necessary. In 1782 Ischl got a new school building on the left bank of the Traun near the main bridge, but it was immediately overcrowded. To relieve the strain, the first school class was set up in Pfandl in 1791 in the “Zum Pfandl” inn. In 1816 there was a teacher with two teaching assistants and 400 (!) students in Ischl. The filling of vacant teaching positions in the public elementary schools was based on the proposal of the nursing offices by the episcopal consistory, which appointed a school supervisor for each deanery. The schoolmasters at the trivial school were permanently employed. The teachers at the trivial schools were placed on an equal footing with the civil service and the clergy. If the number of pupils became too large for one teacher, the authorities provided him with assistant teachers with a lower salary. Although the catechist did not receive a special salary, he was given a remuneration for giving religious instruction. A considerable amount of extra work arose for the teaching staff from the imperial decree that came into force at the beginning of 1817, according to which repeat lessons on Sundays and public holidays were to be introduced for young people aged 12 to 15 who had outgrown school. Applicants for the saltworks service had to provide proof of having attended a repeat school. A great benefit for the growing female youth was the founding of knitting schools in Gmunden, Ebensee, Ischl, Hallstatt, Aussee and Altaussee, which enjoyed special support from the Court Chamber. She paid the tuition fees, sometimes also honored the teachers and gave the schools the firewood. The knitting schools, run by handicraft teachers, were also regularly attended by girls from the salt pans. The trivial school in Ischl with the three teachers' rooms was already too small in 1819 and the connection of a fourth room had become necessary. However, the number of school children continued to rise. In 1825, a teacher and three assistants taught 420 children in two school classes, each with two departments. The prescribed maximum number of 80 students in one room was therefore considerably exceeded and the procurement of a fifth classroom could no longer be postponed. In 1839 the emperor approved the amount of 11,086 guilders for the renovation, which was also to include the fifth classroom. Until then, the school was housed in the old, completely inadequate rooms, the building was badly preserved, and the storey height was far too low. Since the number of schoolchildren had grown to 460 in 1832, each of the four department classes held over a hundred students, and the teachers reluctantly went into the overcrowded and unhealthy rooms due to the fumes. For the rental of the absolutely necessary fifth classroom in some private house, Dr. Wirer agreed to dispute the interest. dr Wirer had also taken on the young women of the market and in 1832 in Ischl set up and maintained the first handicraft school in the Kammergut entirely at his own expense. As early as the following year, a hundred girls enjoyed free lessons there. dr Wirer also bought the raw materials needed for the spinning school and used the school's products only for the benefit of the children, he clothed the poorest and gave presents to the hard-working. The small village school in Pfandl near Ischl also needed an extension in 1835, and the school-friendly residents of the up-and-coming town had asked for it. The soup facilities in Hallstatt and Ebensee, established in 1845 and open during the winter months, were a beneficial welfare institution for the school children of the salt workers. On May 14, 1869, the "Reichs Volksschulgesetz" was passed. "Every elementary school is a public institution and as such is accessible to young people regardless of their religious affiliation." Among other things, compulsory schooling for eight years was introduced, collections of teaching materials and school libraries were established. The school system then took an enormous upswing. Sources used: Carl Schraml "The Upper Austrian salt works from the beginning of the 16th to the middle of the 18th century", Vienna 1932 Carl Schraml "The Upper Austrian Salt Works from 1750 to the time after the French Wars", Vienna 1934 Carl Schraml "The Upper Austrian Salt Works from 1818 to the end of the Salt Office in 1850", Vienna 1936 Ischl home club "Bad Ischl home book 2004", Bad Ischl 2004 FX Mannert "Of Ischl and the people of Ischl...", Bad Ischl 2012 FX Mannert "From Ischl and the people of Ischl... 2.0", Bad Ischl 2016

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